Water Science & Technology: Water Supply Vol 1 No 2 pp 259–266 © IWA Publishing 2001
THM, haloacetic acids and other organic DBPs formation in disinfection of
bromide rich Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) water
L Heller-Grossman*, J Manka**, B Limoni-Relis*** and M Rebhun****
*
Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering,
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology,
Haifa 32000, Israel
**
Mekorot, Israel Water Company, P.O. Box 610 Nazaret, Israel
***
Mekorot, Israel Water Company, P.O. Box 610 Nazaret, Israel
****
Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering,
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology,
Haifa 32000, Israel
ABSTRACT
Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) is the main freshwater body in Israel and
is the water source for the National Water Carrier (NWC). The lake water
has a uniquely high bromide content 1.9 mg/L which affects DBPs
(disinfection by-products) formation. Controlled experiments using
different disinfectants were carried out with the lake water in order
to study DBPs formation. Formation and distribution of TOX (total organic
halogen) trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetic acids (HAA) and cyanogen
halides were studied during the application of the following
disinfectants: Chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide and a combination
of chlorine dioxide with chloramine. Brominated species dominated the
distribution of THM, HAA and cyanogen halide. When a high dose of
chlorine was applied an unusually high percent (75%) of the TOX formation
potential was identified; THM constituted about 50% of the TOX formation
potential and haloacetic acids 22-28%. Tribromoacetic acid was found to
undergo decomposition to form bromoform. Chlorine dioxide produced insignificant concentrations of organic DBPs and chloramine produced
low concentrations. Chlorine dioxide in combination with chloramine
enhanced production of CNBr and THM, but their concentrations were much
lower than during chlorination.
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