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Water Policy Vol 9 No 3 pp 305–318 © IWA Publishing 2007 doi:10.2166/wp.2007.009
Selection of sustainable sanitation arrangements
Duncan Maraa, Jan-Olof Drangertb, Nguyen Viet Anhc, Andrzej Tonderskid, Holger Gulyase and Karin Tonderskif
aCorresponding author: School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK Fax: +44-113-343-2243d.d.mara@leeds.ac
bDepartment of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
cFaculty of Environmental Engineering, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong Road, Hanoi, Vietnam
dEnviston, Ekängsvägen 45, SE-582 75, Linköping, Sweden
eInstitute of Wastewater Management, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Straße 42, D-21073, Hamburg, Germany
fDepartment of Physics and Measurement Technology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
ABSTRACT
To meet the Millennium Development Goal for sanitation around 440,000 people will have to be provided with adequate sanitation every day during 2001–2015, and the corresponding figure to meet the WHO/UNICEF target of “sanitation for all” by 2025 is around 480,000 people per day during 2001–2025. The provision of sanitation services to such huge numbers necessitates action on an unprecedented scale. This is made even more difficult by the general lack of knowledge on the part of professionals and the intended beneficiaries about which sanitation arrangement is the most appropriate under which circumstances. A sanitation selection algorithm, which considers all the available sanitation arrangements, including ecological sanitation and low-cost sewerage, and which is firmly based on the principles of sustainable sanitation, is developed as a guide to identify the most appropriate arrangement in any given situation, especially in poor and very poor rural and periurban areas in developing countries.
Keywords: Developing countries; Excreta; Health; Nutrients; Reuse; Sanitation; Selection; Sustainability; Poverty; Water
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