J Water Health 03 (2005) 069-076
Aspects of health-related microbiology of the Subin, an urban river in Kumasi, Ghana
K. Obiri-Danso, C. A.A. Weobong and K. Jones
Department of Biological Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
Department of Biological Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK, Tel: 01524 593993
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of urban waste, sewage and other human centred activities on the microbiological quality of the river Subin, which flows through the metropolis of Kumasi, Ghana, and serves as drinking water for communities downstream. Three sites, Racecourse, Asafo and Asago, on the Subin were monitored over a year for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, enterococci and biochemical oxygen demand. Bacterial indicator numbers (geometric mean 100ml−1) varied from 1.61×109 to 4.06×1013 for total coliforms, 9.75×108 to 8.98×1012 for faecal coliforms and 1.01×102 to 6.57×106 for enterococci. There was a consistent increase in bacterial loading as the river flows from the source (Racecourse) through Kumasi. Bacterial numbers were significantly (p≤0.05) higher during the rainy season compared with the dry (harmattan) season. The biochemical oxygen demand ranged from 8mgl−1 at the source of the river to 419mgl−1 at Asago; none of the sites achieved internationally accepted standards for water quality. The River Subin becomes grossly polluted as it flows through Kumasi and at Asago, a rural community downstream of Kumasi that abstracts water from the river for drinking, this probably contributes to the observed high levels of diarrhoeal disease.
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