J Water Health 02 (2004) 201-214
Assessment of drinking water quality using indicator bacteria and bacteriophages
Javier Méndez, Ana Audicana, Mercedes Cancer, Anna Isern, Julian Llaneza, Belén Moreno, Mercedes Navarro, Fernando Valero, Ferran Ribas, Juan Jofre and Francisco Lucena
Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Tel.: +34 934 021 484; Fax: +34 934 110 592 E-mail: flucena@ub.edu
Dirección de Salud Pública del Gobierno Vasco, C/ María Díaz de Haro, 60, 48010 Bilbao, Spain
Laboratorio Regional CAR Carretera de Burgos, Km 6, Finca de La Grajera, 26080 Logroño, Spain
Institut Municipal de Salut Pública, Laboratori Municipal de Barcelona, Avda. de les Drassanes, 13–15, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
Laboratorio Salud Pública Asturias, Finca de la Cedellada, Camino de Rubin s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa, Avda. Navarra, 4, 20013 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
Instituto Municipal de Salud Pública, Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza, Camino de Cogullada, s/n, 50014 Zaragoza, Spain
Ma Lluisa Tarancón
Conselleria de Salut i Consum, C/Cecilio Metelo, 18, 07003 Palma de Mallorca
Aigües Ter Llobregat (ATLL), Aribau 197–199, Entresol, 08021 Barcelona, Spain
Societat General d'Aigües de Barcelona, Passeig Sant Joan, 39, 08009 Barcelona, Spain
Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Tel.: +34 934 021 484; Fax: +34 934 110 592 E-mail: flucena@ub.edu
Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Tel.: +34 934 021 484; Fax: +34 934 110 592 E-mail: flucena@ub.edu
ABSTRACT
Bacterial indicators and bacteriophages suggested as potential indicators of water quality were determined by public laboratories in water from springs, household water wells, and rural and metropolitan water supplies in north-eastern Spain. Indicator bacteria were detected more frequently than bacteriophages in springs, household water wells and rural water supplies. In contrast, positive bacteriophage detections were more numerous than those of bacteria in metropolitan water supplies. Most of the metropolitan water supply samples containing indicators had concentrations of chlorine below 0.1 mg l−1, their indicator loads resembling more closely those of rural water supplies than any other samples taken from metropolitan water supplies. The number of samples from metropolitan water supplies containing more than 0.1 mg l−1 of chlorine that contained phages clearly outnumbered those containing indicator bacteria. Some association was observed between rainfall and the presence of indicators. Sediments from service reservoirs and water from dead ends in the distribution network of one of the metropolitan water supplies were also tested. Bacterial indicators and phages were detected in a higher percentage than in samples of tap water from the same network. Additionally, indicator bacteria were detected more frequently than bacteriophages in sediments of service reservoirs and water from dead end samples. We conclude that naturally occurring indicator bacteria and bacteriophages respond differently to chlorination and behave differently in drinking water distribution networks. Moreover, this study has shown that testing for the three groups of phages in routine laboratories is easy to implement and feasible without the requirement for additional material resources for the laboratories.
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